C語(yǔ)言教程講義

1 C 語(yǔ)言概述······························································································································1
1.1 Ｃ語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展過(guò)程········································································································1
1.2 當(dāng)代最優(yōu)秀的程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言·······················································································1
1.3 Ｃ語(yǔ)言版本···················································································································1
1.4 Ｃ語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)···············································································································1
1.5 面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言···························································································2
1.6 Ｃ和Ｃ＋＋···················································································································2
1.7 簡(jiǎn)單的Ｃ程序介紹·······································································································2
1.8 輸入和輸出函數(shù)··········································································································4
1.9 Ｃ源程序的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)····································································································5
1.10 書(shū)寫(xiě)程序時(shí)應(yīng)遵循的規(guī)則·························································································5
1.11 Ｃ語(yǔ)言的字符集··········································································································5
1.12 Ｃ語(yǔ)言詞匯·················································································································5
1.13 Turbo C 2.0集成開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境的使用··············································································7
1.13.1 Turbo C 2.0簡(jiǎn)介和啟動(dòng)···················································································7
1.13.2 Turbo C 2.0集成開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境···············································································7
1.13.3 File 菜單···········································································································8
1.13.4 Edit 菜單···········································································································9
1.13.5 Run 菜單·········································································································10
1.13.6 Compile 菜單··································································································11
1.13.7 Project 菜單····································································································12
1.13.8 Options 菜單···································································································13
1.13.9 Debug 菜單·····································································································17
1.13.10 Break/watch 菜單··························································································18
1.13.11 Turbo C 2.0的配置文件···············································································19
2 程序的靈魂—算法················································································································20
2.1 算法的概念················································································································20
2.2 簡(jiǎn)單算法舉例············································································································20
2.3 算法的特性················································································································23
2.4 怎樣表示一個(gè)算法·····································································································23
2.4.1 用自然語(yǔ)言表示算法······················································································23
2.4.2 用流程圖表示算法··························································································23
2.4.3 三種基本結(jié)構(gòu)和改進(jìn)的流程圖······································································27
2.4.4 用 N-S流程圖表示算法··················································································28
2.4.5 用偽代碼表示算法··························································································29
2.4.6 用計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言表示算法··················································································30
2.5 結(jié)構(gòu)化程序設(shè)計(jì)方法·································································································30
3 數(shù)據(jù)類型、運(yùn)算符與表達(dá)式·································································································31
3.1 Ｃ語(yǔ)言的數(shù)據(jù)類型······································································································31
3.2 常量與變量················································································································32
3.2.1 常量和符號(hào)常量······························································································32
3.2.2 變量·················································································································33
3.3 整型數(shù)據(jù)····················································································································33
3.3.1 整型常量的表示方法······················································································33
3.3.2 整型變量·········································································································34
3.4 實(shí)型數(shù)據(jù)····················································································································37
3.4.1 實(shí)型常量的表示方法······················································································37
3.4.2 實(shí)型變量·········································································································38
3.4.3 實(shí)型常數(shù)的類型······························································································39
3.5 字符型數(shù)據(jù)················································································································39
3.5.1 字符常量·········································································································39
3.5.2 轉(zhuǎn)義字符·········································································································40
3.5.3 字符變量·········································································································41
3.5.4 字符數(shù)據(jù)在內(nèi)存中的存儲(chǔ)形式及使用方法···················································41
3.5.5 字符串常量······································································································42
3.6 變量賦初值················································································································42
3.7 各類數(shù)值型數(shù)據(jù)之間的混合運(yùn)算·············································································43
3.8 算術(shù)運(yùn)算符和算術(shù)表達(dá)式·························································································44
3.8.1 C 運(yùn)算符簡(jiǎn)介···································································································45
3.8.2 算術(shù)運(yùn)算符和算術(shù)表達(dá)式··············································································45
3.9 賦值運(yùn)算符和賦值表達(dá)式·························································································47
3.10 逗號(hào)運(yùn)算符和逗號(hào)表達(dá)式·······················································································49
3.11 小結(jié)··························································································································49
3.11.1 Ｃ的數(shù)據(jù)類型·································································································49
3.11.2 基本類型的分類及特點(diǎn)················································································49
3.11.3 常量后綴········································································································50
3.11.4 常量類型········································································································50
3.11.5 數(shù)據(jù)類型轉(zhuǎn)換································································································50
3.11.6 運(yùn)算符優(yōu)先級(jí)和結(jié)合性················································································50
3.11.7 表達(dá)式············································································································50
4 最簡(jiǎn)單的 C程序設(shè)計(jì)—順序程序設(shè)計(jì)················································································51
4.1 Ｃ語(yǔ)句概述·················································································································51
4.2 賦值語(yǔ)句····················································································································52
4.3 數(shù)據(jù)輸入輸出的概念及在 C 語(yǔ)言中的實(shí)現(xiàn)·····························································53
4.4 字符數(shù)據(jù)的輸入輸出·································································································54
4.4.1 putchar 函數(shù)（字符輸出函數(shù)）·····································································54
4.4.2 getchar函數(shù)（鍵盤(pán)輸入函數(shù)）·······································································54
4.5 格式輸入與輸出········································································································55
4.5.1 printf 函數(shù)（格式輸出函數(shù)）·········································································55
4.5.2 scanf 函數(shù)(格式輸入函數(shù)) ···············································································58
4.6 順序結(jié)構(gòu)程序設(shè)計(jì)舉例·····························································································62
5 分支結(jié)構(gòu)程序························································································································64
5.1 關(guān)系運(yùn)算符和表達(dá)式·································································································64
5.1.1 關(guān)系運(yùn)算符及其優(yōu)先次序··············································································64
5.1.2 關(guān)系表達(dá)式······································································································64
5.2 邏輯運(yùn)算符和表達(dá)式·································································································65
5.2.1 邏輯運(yùn)算符極其優(yōu)先次序··············································································65
5.2.2 邏輯運(yùn)算的值··································································································65
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Ｃ語(yǔ)言是在 70 年代初問(wèn)世的。一九七八年由美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司(AT&T)貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室正式發(fā)表了Ｃ語(yǔ)言。同時(shí)由 B.W.Kernighan 和 D.M.Ritchit 合著了著名的“THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE”一書(shū)。通常簡(jiǎn)稱為《K&R》 ，也有人稱之為《K&R》標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
但是， 在 《K&R》 中并沒(méi)有定義一個(gè)完整的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) C 語(yǔ)言， 后來(lái)由美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì) （American National Standards Institute）在此基礎(chǔ)上制定了一個(gè) C 語(yǔ)言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，于一九八三年發(fā)表。通常稱之為 ANSI C。
1.2 當(dāng)代最優(yōu)秀的程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言
早期的 C 語(yǔ)言主要是用于 UNIX 系統(tǒng)。由于Ｃ語(yǔ)言的強(qiáng)大功能和各方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)逐漸為人們認(rèn)識(shí)，到了八十年代，C 開(kāi)始進(jìn)入其它操作系統(tǒng)，并很快在各類大、中、小和微型計(jì)算機(jī)上得到了廣泛的使用，成為當(dāng)代最優(yōu)秀的程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言之一。